Fronteras Digitales: Ciberseguridad, Soberanía y los Nuevos Paradigmas del Poder Geopolítico

Resumen

Cyberspace has become a domain of power and conflict, challenging traditional geopolitics. This study analyzes how digital dependence redefines sovereignty, borders, and power. The general objective was to develop a conceptual framework for understanding new paradigms of 21st-century conflict and cooperation. Using qualitative documentary analysis of state cybersecurity doctrines, international reports, and academic literature, the research confirms the central hypothesis: cyberspace has fractured traditional paradigms. States are not adapting international law but actively building digital sovereignties through infrastructure control and data localization. Additionally, gray-zone operations—cyber espionage, disinformation, and infrastructure attacks—are normalized as legitimate foreign policy tools within a normative vacuum that fosters competition over cooperation. This leads to the proposal of hybrid sovereignty as the new axis of state authority in the 21st century.