Article
Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
1
Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia
(oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
Formación en comunidades ancestrales para el cultivo en jaulas de la tilapia
(oreochromissp. y oreochromisniloticus)
Formação em comunidades ancestrais para a cultura da tilápia em jaulas (oreochromissp. e
oreochromisniloticus)
Duque MarÃn Richard
Master's Degree, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador, https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-6159-164X, richardduque01@hotmail.com
Mayra Cuenca Zambrano
Master's Degree, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador, https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-2532-7005, blga.mayi@hotmail.com
Received July 2019 - Accepted November 2019
Teacher training - revista iberoamericana de educación.
Vol - 4 No. 1, January - March 2021
e-ISSN: 2737-632x
Pgs 1-11
Abstract: The San Vicente dam is located in the upper basin of the Javita
River in the northwest of the Province of Santa Elena. It is a 25 m high earthen
dam that dams about 40 Hm3 that will be distributed through channels to carry
the vital liquid by gravity, favoring the communities located in various sectors
such as: Colonche, San Marcos, Bellavista, Manantial de Guangala,
Manantial de Colonche, JambelÃ, Palmar, Bambil Desecho, Rio Seco,
Aguadita and Cerezal, it is established that 26,000 hectares would benefit in
the province of Santa Elena (CEDEGÉ, 1984). The Undersecretary of
Aquaculture, together with representatives of the Ministry of the Littoral,
Environment and the inhabitants of the different communities of the Province
of Santa Elena, witnessed the planting of 120,000 of the 500,000 tilapia
fingerlings donated by the company MODERCORP that were planted in the
San Vicente de Colonche dam. (SA, 2008). Since they were planted, the
tilapia have grown and reproduced without any control, generating a high
Article
Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
2
population density, reducing the space for these organisms to move in the
body of water, and as a result, their sizes have decreased, affecting the
availability of the resource in larger sizes that satisfy local consumers. The
few job opportunities in the rural communities have led them to dedicate
themselves to other activities that the area offers them, and fishing in the dam
as a complement to their daily sustenance, without predicting or preventing
the risks that these activities represent.
Key words: Spring, aquaculture, density, tilapia, aquaculture
Resumen: La presa San Vicente está ubicada en la cuenca alta del rÃo Javita
en el noroeste de la provincia de Santa Elena. Es una presa de tierra de 25 m
de altura que retiene unos 40 Hm3 que serán distribuidos a través de canales
para conducir el vital lÃquido por gravedad, favoreciendo a las comunidades
ubicadas en varios sectores como: Colonche, San Marcos, Bellavista,
Manantial de Guangala, Manantial de Colonche, JambelÃ, Palmar, Bambil
Desecho, RÃo Seco, Aguadita y Cerezal, se establece que serÃan 26.000
hectáreas las que se beneficiarÃan en la provincia de Santa Elena (CEDEGÉ,
1984). La SubsecretarÃa de Acuicultura, junto con los representantes del
Ministerio del Litoral, Medio Ambiente y los habitantes de las diferentes
comunas de la Provincia de Santa Elena, presenciaron la siembra de 120.000
de los 500.000 alevines de tilapia donados por la empresa MODERCORP que
fueron sembrados en la represa de San Vicente de Colonche. (SA, 2008). Las
tilapias han crecido y se han reproducido sin ningún tipo de control desde su
siembra, generando una alta densidad poblacional, reduciendo el espacio para
el traslado de estos organismos en el cuerpo de agua. Como consecuencia, las
tallas han disminuido, afectando la disponibilidad del recurso en tamaños
mayores que satisfagan a los consumidores locales. Las escasas
oportunidades de trabajo en las comunidades rurales hacen que se dediquen a
Article
Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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otras actividades que les ofrece la zona, tomando la pesca en la presa como
un complemento a su sustento diario, sin prever ni prevenir los riesgos que
representan. Las primeras capturas de tilapia no han cesado ni han previsto su
sostenibilidad.
Palabras clave: Primavera, acuicultura, densidad, tilapia
Abstrato: A barragem de San Vicente está localizada na bacia superior do
rio Javita, no noroeste da provÃncia de Santa Elena. É uma barragem de terra
de 25 m de altura que comporta cerca de 40 Hm3 que será distribuÃda através
de canais para conduzir o lÃquido vital pela gravidade, favorecendo as
comunidades localizadas em vários sectores, como por exemplo: Colonche,
San Marcos, Bellavista, Manantial de Guangala, Manantial de Colonche,
JambelÃ, Palmar, Bambil Desecho, Rio Seco, Aguadita e Cerezal, fica
estabelecido que haveria 26.000 hectares que seriam beneficiados na
provÃncia de Santa Elena (CEDEGÉ, 1984). A Subsecretaria de Aquacultura,
juntamente com os representantes do Ministério do Litoral, Ambiente e os
habitantes das diferentes comunas da ProvÃncia de Santa Elena, assistiu Ã
sementeira de 120.000 dos 500.000 alevins de tilápia doados pela empresa
MODERCORP que foram plantados na barragem de San Vicente de
Colonche. (SA, 2008). As tilápias cresceram e reproduziram-se sem qualquer
controlo desde que foram plantadas, gerando uma alta densidade
populacional, reduzindo o espaço para a transferência destes organismos no
corpo de água. Como consequência, os tamanhos diminuÃram, afectando a
disponibilidade do recurso em tamanhos mais antigos que satisfazem os
consumidores locais. As poucas oportunidades de emprego nas comunidades
rurais significa que se dedicam a outras actividades que a área lhes oferece,
tomando a pesca na Barragem como um complemento da sua subsistência
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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diária, sem prever ou prevenir os riscos que representam. As primeiras
capturas de tilápia não cessaram nem planearam a sua sustentabilidade.
Palavras-chave: Primavera, aquacultura, densidade, tilápia
INTRODUCTION
Due to the lack of experience in the management of tilapia in the dam, there
has not been an adequate management plan, and among these populations,
individuals with various types of genetic deformities caused by the crossing
of fish with first-degree relatives have been noted.
The Santa Elena Peninsula State University as a center of Higher Education
through the Department of Community Outreach, the Faculty of Marine
Sciences, School of Marine Biology through its teachers, researchers and
students have the purpose of developing the project "CULTIVATION OF
TILAPIA IN CRABS (Oreochromissp. and Oreochromisnilóticus), IN THE
REPRESA SAN VICENTE DE COLONCHE, COMUNA LAS BALSAS,
Prov. SANTA ELENA" whose main objective is the transfer of knowledge to
four rural communities in the province of Santa Elena, based on the
technology of fish farming in controlled environments and the biology of the
species under cultivation, making use of the body of water that so far has been
used for irrigation purposes in the agricultural sector, but as a complement to
the generation of new income, the inhabitants of these localities believe viable
fish farming in this dam where tilapia has been developed in the wild for
several years.
The inhabitants of the local communities should effectively enjoy the benefits
provided by the success achieved by a species such as tilapia, which is a fish
of great development, prolific and of great nutritional value for the sustenance
of the population. However, at present the resources are not being extracted
efficiently, since due to overexploitation the availability of the resource has
Article
Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
5
decreased, which causes great concern to the inhabitants regarding the
presence of this resource in the medium and long term.
The project would be carried out with the mission of avoiding possible
conflicts that may arise between the communities neighboring the dam that
have access to the capture of this resource, relying on the qualified personnel
of the UPSE with multidisciplinary participation, whose agenda includes the
implementation of training events for the inhabitants of the local community,
who would achieve greater knowledge in tilapia production.
The implementation of this project would enhance the direct action of those
involved, expanding the knowledge in the characterization of this species, as
well as updating the various techniques of management and production of
tilapia in cages, to improve the levels of fishing extraction, both in size and
body mass of the specimens extracted, which would generate an increase in
the economic levels of the inhabitants of the local community.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main strategies to be used in this project are aimed at carrying out training
courses, workshops and conferences on an ongoing basis, as detailed below:
• Meeting with the leaders of the four communes
• Organization of seminars and workshops
• Project socialization
Field visits will be made to the San Vicente dam to attend meetings with the
local inhabitants in order to plan the actions and strategies required by this
project, especially with the leaders in the guidelines that obey a suitable
methodology for this type of crop.
The studies and analyses to be carried out are: biological study of the
microorganisms in the reservoir, analysis of the physical-chemical
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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characteristics of the water body, bathymetry, georeferencing of possible
cultivation sites.
- The YSI (multiparameter meter) will measure salinity, pH, dissolved
oxygen, temperature, TDS and salinity.
- The points where the cages will be installed are established by means
of coordinates.
- Turbidity and depth measurement
- Samples will be collected for laboratory analysis and microscopic
identification of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic organisms.
Water quality is determined by its physical and chemical properties, among
the most important of which are: temperature, oxygen, pH and transparency.
These properties affect the productive and reproductive aspects of the fish, so
water parameters must be kept within the optimal range for tilapia
development.
The design and construction of 6 cages is planned.
For pre-fattening and fattening of tilapia, 4 cages with dimensions of 3x3 m
and 1.5 m deep with galvanized and electro-welded steel structure, with poly
mesh number 25 (16.3x 18 mm), with 4 hermetically sealed floats of 20 liters
capacity, located in the four corners.
For fish farming, 2 cages are considered with dimensions of 1x1 m and 1 m
deep, with an electro-welded galvanized steel structure of 2 inches and 2
millimeters thick, with poly-mesh number 10 (4.9 x 6.1 mm), with 4 floats of
20 liters of capacity located in the four corners.
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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RESULTS
TABLE 1. Number of tilapia to plant
NUMBER OF TILAPIA TO BE PLANTED, FINAL WEIGHT 450 G.
MODULES
QUANTI
TY
INITIAL
WEIGHT
FINAL
WEIGHT
MON
THS
INITIAL
BIOMASS
FINAL
BIOMASS
G
g
(kg.)
(kg.)
CAGE # 1 Fry
3000
0,5
1
1,5
CAGE # 2 Fry
3000
0,5
1
1,5
CAGE # 3 Fry
3000
0,5
1
1,5
CAGE # 4 Fry
3000
0,5
1
1,5
CAGE # 5 Fry
3000
0,5
1
1,5
CAGE # 6 Pre-
fattening
6800
680
CAGE # 7 Pre-
fattening
6800
680
CAGE # 8 Fattening
1000
450
450
CAGE # 9 Fattening
1900
450
855
CAGE # 10
Fattening
1900
450
855
CAGE # 11
Fattening
1900
450
855
CAGE # 12
Fattening
1900
450
855
CAGE # 13
Fattening
1900
450
855
CAGE # 14
Fattening
1900
450
855
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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TOTAL
7,5
5580
Table 2. Amount of feed per cage
FOOD
MODULES
INITIAL
BIOMASS kg
% OF FEED
Daily Feed
Quantity kg
6 Daily Rations Kg
Time (8:00; 10:00;
12:00; 14:00; 16:00 and
18:00)
CAGE # 1 Fry
1,5
0,375
0,063
CAGE # 2 Fry
1,5
0,375
0,063
CAGE # 3 Fry
1,5
0,375
0,063
CAGE # 4 Fry
1,5
0,375
0,063
CAGE # 5 Fry
1,5
0,375
0,063
CAGE # 6 Pre-
fattening
20,400
3,400
CAGE # 7 Pre-
fattening
20,400
3,400
CAGE # 8 Fattening
5
5,000
0,833
CAGE # 9 Fattening
5
9,500
1,583
CAGE # 10
Fattening
5
9,500
1,583
CAGE # 11
Fattening
5
9,500
1,583
CAGE # 12
Fattening
5
9,500
1,583
CAGE # 13
Fattening
5
9,500
1,583
CAGE # 14
Fattening
5
9,500
1,583
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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TOTAL
104,675
Water quality is determined by its physical and chemical properties, among
the most important of which are: temperature, oxygen, pH and transparency.
These properties affect the productive and reproductive aspects of the fish, so
the water parameters must be kept within the optimal ranges for tilapia
development.
Hydrogen sulfide levels are slightly above the accepted range, and are due to
domestic discharges and are not considered toxic if the concentration is less
than 10 mg/l, i.e. this does not affect the flora and fauna present in the body
of the dam.
The average depth of the water column of the San Vicente Dam averages 5.80
m (15.5 ft).
The planktonic community is a heterogeneous group of microscopic plant and
animal organisms that float or swim weakly in the body of water, comprising
primary producer organisms, herbivores, carnivores, detritivores and
decomposers, consisting of phytoplankton (algae), which form the basis of
the food chain and energy of other aquatic communities.
Phytoplankton in inland waters can be found representatives of practically all
groups of algae. The dominance of one or another group in certain samples
depends on the predominant characteristics of the environment. The groups
found are cyanophyceae (gleocapsa, chroocococcus), chlorophyceae
(closterium, scenedesmus, cosmarium, staurastrum, chlorella, pandorina,
phacus), chrysophyceae (diatom, tabellaria, navicola, pinnularia asterionella)
and dinoflagellates; the most abundant and frequent genera are: Navicula,
Pinnularia, Asterionella and Tabellariacoscinodiscusciclotella, . Among the
Dinoflagellates, the most important genera are Peridinium and Ceratium.
Certain flagellates are also found as euglenophytes (Euglena, Cryptoglena).
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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Zooplankton is represented by species from various groups, including
rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, and nematodes. It should be noted that insect
larvae, fish eggs and larvae were also found among the samples.
In addition to this, a 96-hour bioassay was carried out in the Practice Unit of
the Faculty of Marine Sciences as follows:ç
In two basins, 20 liters of water from the San Vicente Dam were placed in 20
red tilapia with an average weight of 25 g. in order to test their resistance,
behavior and survival without food and aeration.
CONCLUSIONS
These properties affect the productive and reproductive aspects of the fish, so
the water parameters must be kept within the optimal ranges for tilapia
development. The results were favorable, obtaining a 100% survival rate,
showing resistance in their metabolism and behavior.
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ARMIJOS, O.A. & RodrÃguez, Ma. C. Most common diseases of Tilapia.
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Training in ancestral communities for cage culture of tilapia (oreochromissp. and oreochromisniloticus).
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