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e-ISSN: 2737-632x
Pgs 62-75
* Msc. Instituto Superior Tecnológico
Espíritu Santo, con condición de
Universitario, Ecuador.
jamatute@tes.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3025-9336
* Msc. Instituto Superior Universitario
Espíritu Santo, Ecuador,
amloor4@tes.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-6329
* Msc. Instituto Superior Universitario
Espíritu Santo, Ecuador,
mgranizo@tes.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5585-5829
* Msc, Instituto Superior Tecnológico
Espíritu Santo, con condición de
Universitario, Ecuador.
tperazo@tes.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-0123-3968
Received: November, 2024
Approved: March, 2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31876/
ie.v8i12.271
http://www.revista-
iberoamericana.org/index.
php/es
How to cite:
Matute, J., Loor, M., Granizo,
M., Erazo, P. (2024)
Information and
Communication
Technologies and their
impact on people with visual
disabilities. Revista
Iberoamericana De
educación, 8 (2).
Information and Communication
Technologies and their impact on people
with visual disabilities
Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación y su impacto en las
personas con discapacidad visual
Tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e seu impacto nas pessoas com
deficiência visual
José Andrés Matute Palma*
Andrés Manuel Loor*
Magaly Granizo Coloma*
Pamela Erazo Castro*
Abstract
Technology is positioned as an invaluable ally in improving the quality of
life of people with visual disabilities, by providing a variety of tools and
resources that facilitate access to information, communication, learning
and working more independent and effective. The objective of this article
is to systematize the theoretical references related to Information and
Communication Technologies and their impact on people with visual
disabilities, through a bibliographic study. For this purpose, a qualitative
methodology was used and descriptive research was developed, based on
the bibliographic review and the application of various scientific methods,
such as analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive and the hermeneutic
method. The results obtained by the students and teachers involved in the
research project "Prototype of ultrasonic cane for people with visual
disabilities of the TES" revealed a notable situation in the country: the
scarcity of studies related to technology and its impact on people with
visual disabilities. visual disability. Likewise, the crucial importance of
continuing to develop and perfect Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) was highlighted with the purpose of guaranteeing
complete and equitable inclusion of people with visual disabilities in all
spheres of life.
Keywoks: Technology, innovation, visual disability, cane
Resumen
La tecnología se posiciona como una aliada invaluable en la mejora
de la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad visual, al
proporcionar una variedad de herramientas y recursos que facilitan
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Information and Communication Technologies and their impact on people with visual disabilities
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el acceso a la información, la comunicación, el aprendizaje y el
trabajo de manera más independiente y efectiva. El presente artículo
tiene como objetivo sistematizar los referentes teóricos relacionados
con las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación y su
impacto en las personas con discapacidad visual, a través de un
estudio bibliográfico. Para ello, se empleó una metodología
cualitativa y se desarrolló una investigación de tipo descriptiva,
basada en la revisión bibliográfica y la aplicación de diversos
métodos científicos, como el análisis-síntesis, el inductivo-
deductivo y el método hermenéutico. Los resultados obtenidos por
los estudiantes y docentes involucrados en el proyecto de
investigación "Prototipo de bastón ultrasónico para personas con
discapacidad visual del TES" revelaron una situación notable en el
país: la escasez de estudios relacionados con la tecnología y su
impacto en las personas con discapacidad visual. Asimismo, se
resaltó la importancia crucial de continuar desarrollando y
perfeccionando las Tecnologías de la Información y la
Comunicación (TIC) con el propósito de garantizar una inclusión
completa y equitativa de las personas con discapacidad visual en
todas las esferas de la vida.
Palabras clave: Tecnología, innovación, discapacidad visual,
bastón.
Resumo
A tecnologia posiciona-se como um aliado inestimável na melhoria
da qualidade de vida das pessoas com deficiência visual, ao
disponibilizar uma variedade de ferramentas e recursos que facilitam
o acesso à informação, à comunicação, à aprendizagem e ao trabalho
de uma forma mais autónoma e eficaz. O objetivo deste artigo é
sistematizar os referenciais teóricos relacionados com as
Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e o seu impacto nas
pessoas com deficiência visual, através de um estudo bibliográfico.
Para o efeito, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa e
desenvolveu-se uma investigação de tipo descritivo, baseada na
revisão bibliográfica e na aplicação de diferentes métodos
científicos, tais como o método de análise-síntese, o indutivo-
dedutivo e o hermenêutico. Os resultados obtidos pelos alunos e
professores envolvidos no projeto de investigação "Protótipo de uma
bengala ultra-sónica para pessoas com deficiência visual do TES"
revelaram uma situação marcante no país: a escassez de estudos
relacionados com a tecnologia e o seu impacto nas pessoas com
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Information and Communication Technologies and their impact on people with visual disabilities
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deficiência visual. Destacou também a importância crucial de um
maior desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento das Tecnologias de
Informação e Comunicação (TIC), de modo a garantir a inclusão
plena e igualitária das pessoas com deficiência visual em todas as
esferas da vida.
Palavras-chave: Tecnologia, inovação, deficiência visual, bengala.
INTRODUCTION
People with visual impairment, lacking the sense of sight, tend to
develop and enhance other senses, such as hearing, touch and smell,
as a way to compensate for the absence of vision. This adaptation
process allows them to function in their environment and perform
daily tasks effectively.
However, despite these developed abilities, blind people constantly
face a series of difficulties that limit their active participation in the
development of society. The lack of physical and digital accessibility
in public spaces, such as streets, buildings and websites, hinders their
mobility and access to information. In addition, discrimination and
social stigma can limit their opportunities for education,
employment and participation in social and cultural activities.
Architectural and technological barriers, as well as a lack of
awareness and sensitivity on the part of society in general, contribute
to the exclusion and marginalization of blind people. These
difficulties not only affect their quality of life and well-being, but
also represent a loss for society as a whole, depriving it of the
potential and contributions that these people could make if they were
given the necessary support and inclusion.
According to data obtained from CONADIS, there are 476,360
people with disabilities in the country, and with visual impairment
there are 55,246 people registered, which is equivalent to 11.60% of
this population (Ecuador, Ministry of Public Health, 2023). Hence
the importance and timeliness of this study developed by students
and teachers of the Higher Technology career in Networks and
Telecommunications of TES in the city of Guayaquil, which aims to
systematize the theoretical references related to Information and
Communication Technologies and their impact on people with visual
impairment, through a bibliographic study.
Technology has revolutionized digital accessibility, allowing
visually impaired people to access online information through screen
readers, voice recognition software and tactile devices. These tools
convert digital text into speech or Braille, allowing them to read
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emails, browse web pages and access electronic documents with
ease.
In addition, technological devices such as smartphones and tablets
have facilitated communication and social interaction for people
with visual impairments. Built-in accessibility applications and
features, such as screen readers and voice recognition systems, allow
them to send text messages, make phone calls and access social
networks autonomously. In the workplace, technology has opened
up new opportunities for people with visual impairments, allowing
them to access remote jobs, use assistive work software and adapt
the work environment to their specific needs.
One of the crucial tools for blind people is the cane, as it provides
them with independence, safety and autonomy in their daily
movement. This tactile device, widely used by visually impaired
people, offers a number of significant benefits that justify its
importance in their daily lives.
The cane acts as an obstacle detection tool, allowing blind people to
explore and navigate their environment more safely. By using the
cane, they can detect obstacles such as steps, curbs, street furniture
and people, which helps them avoid accidents and gives them
confidence in their mobility.
It also provides them with tactile information about the texture and
surface of the ground, allowing them to better interpret their
surroundings and make informed decisions about their route of
travel. Another important aspect is that the cane is a universally
recognized symbol of visual impairment, which helps to raise
community awareness of the presence of blind people in public
space. This can facilitate social interaction and collaboration
between visually impaired and non-visually impaired people,
promoting inclusion and mutual respect.
To better understand the importance and significance of the cane
used by blind people, it is essential to explore its historical origins
and its evolution over time. The cane for the blind, also known as the
white cane or guide cane, has a rich and varied history that reflects
society's evolution toward greater awareness and understanding of
the needs of people with visual impairments.
The earliest records of canes for the blind date back to ancient
Greece and Rome, where sticks or poles were used as support tools
for the visually impaired. However, these devices were rudimentary
and lacked the tactile and obstacle detection features that modern
canes have.
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The real breakthrough in the development of the cane for the blind
occurred in the 19th century, with the invention of the white cane by
British photographer James Biggs in 1921. Biggs, who lost his sight
due to an automobile accident, painted his cane white to make it
more visible to drivers and avoid accidents. This innovation ushered
in a new era in mobility and safety for the blind.
However, the registration of the white cane for people who are blind
or visually impaired is attributed to American George A. Benham,
who developed this innovative assistive tool in the 1920s (IMO
Foundation, 2017). Benham devised the white cane as a way to
improve the mobility and safety of visually impaired people in public
and road environments. One of the highlights of his design was the
addition of a red lower end.
The inclusion of a red end on the white cane served a practical and
vital purpose: to alert pedestrians and drivers to the presence of a
visually impaired person using the cane. This visually striking detail
served as a clear signal for other individuals to recognize and respect
the space of the visually impaired person, allowing them safe
passage and facilitating their mobility in public spaces and urban
areas.
Benham's innovation marked a significant milestone in the history
of assistance for the visually impaired, as it provided a recognizable
and universally accepted symbol indicating the need for
consideration and caution on the part of others. Over the years, the
white cane has become a symbol of independence, autonomy and
respect for visually impaired people around the world and continues
to be instrumental in improving the quality of life and inclusion of
this community. Its design and functionality have been further
refined with technological advances, such as the incorporation of
sensors and satellite navigation devices, which improve the accuracy
and effectiveness of the cane as a mobility tool.
The cane not only guides and improves the mobility of visually
impaired people; it also allows society to identify the presence of a
blind person and his or her type of disability; for example, the white
cane is used by blind people; the green cane is used by people with
low vision; and the red and white cane is used by people who, despite
being blind, are hearing impaired.
Regarding visual impairment, the World Health Organization
(WHO, 2001) states that there are four levels of visual acuity: normal
vision, moderate visual impairment, severe visual impairment and
blindness. Similarly, it states that in the world there are
approximately 253 million people with visual impairment: 36
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million with blindness and 217 million with moderate to severe
visual impairment; cited by (Basantes, Guerra, Naranjo, & Ibadango,
2018).
According to data obtained from CONADIS, in the country there are
476,360 people with disabilities, and with visual impairment there
are 55,246 people censused which is equivalent to 11.60% of this
population; in the province of Guayas people with visual impairment
respond to 10.04 % of the population and in the canton Guayaquil
10.15% (Ecuador, Sistema Nacional de Información, 2023).
In order to better understand the object of study of this research, it is
necessary to conceptualize the term visual disability which,
according to the National Council for the Promotion of Education is:
"A condition that directly affects the perception of visual
impairment:
A condition that directly affects the perception of images in total or
partial form. Sight is a global sense that allows us to identify at a
distance and at the same time objects already known or presented to
us for the first time (Mexico, Consejo Nacional de Fomento
Educativo, 2010).
The Consejo Nacional de Fomento Educativo considers that there is
visual disability when there is a significant decrease in visual acuity
even with the use of glasses, or a significant decrease in the visual
field. Visual acuity is the ability of a subject to perceive with clarity
and sharpness the shape and form of objects at a certain distance.
People with normal visual acuity have a vision of 20/20: the
numerator refers to the distance at which the test is performed, and
the denominator to the size of the optotype of figures or letters used
by the ophthalmologist to evaluate vision (Mexico, Consejo
Nacional de Fomento Educativo, 2010).
For its part, the Chilean Ministry of Education defines visual
impairment as:
The difficulty presented by some people to participate in activities
of daily life, which arises as a consequence of the interaction
between a specific difficulty related to a decrease or loss of visual
functions and the barriers present in the context in which the person
develops (cited by (Ulloa & Ulloa, 2019).
The Regulation to the Organic Law on Disabilities in Ecuador, in its
Art. 1. defines Person with disability:
Any person who as a consequence of one or more physical, mental,
intellectual or sensory impairments, regardless of the cause that
would have originated it sees permanently restricted their biological,
psychological and associative capacity to exercise one or more
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essential activities of daily living in a proportion equivalent to thirty
percent (30%) of disability duly qualified by the National Health
Authority (Ecuador, National Assembly, 2020).
According to (Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, 2018), Visual
Impairment:
It encompasses functional and/or structural, irreversible and
irrecoverable impairments, limitations and restrictions in the vision
system, structures and functions associated with the visual sense. It
is an alteration of visual acuity, visual field, ocular motility, color
vision and depth.
After these reflections, the authors of the present study consider that
visual impairment is a condition that encompasses a wide range of
visual limitations, ranging from a partial decrease to a total loss of
vision. This condition is assessed by various parameters that help
determine the degree and nature of visual impairment in each
individual. Some of these parameters include visual field, reading
ability at different distances (both near and far) and light perception.
In contrast, blindness is an extreme form of visual impairment in
which the person experiences a total loss of visual function. This
means that the person cannot perceive light or shapes and therefore
cannot see objects, colors or visual details. Blindness involves a
complete absence of vision and can occur congenitally or acquired
throughout life due to various medical conditions or injuries.
It is important to understand that visual impairment is a broad
spectrum ranging from total blindness to varying degrees of reduced
vision. Each individual with visual impairment may experience their
condition uniquely, with different visual needs and abilities.
Therefore, it is critical to recognize and respect the diversity within
the visually impaired community by providing appropriate support
and resources based on each person's individual needs.
Regarding the barriers faced by people with visual impairment,
according to the Ministry of Education of Chile (2016) cited by
(Ulloa & Ulloa, 2019) are of various types, among the most frequent
can be noted:
- Absence of auditory signals that replace visual information.
- Absence of Braille or audio literature in public libraries.
- Absence of alternative writing systems.
The active participation of people with visual impairment in the use
of ICTs is not only important, but fundamental to promote inclusion
and avoid social exclusion; this approach should focus on the needs
and perspectives of people with visual impairment in the design and
development of technological innovations.
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This means that technologies must be designed in a way that adapts
to the specific needs of people with visual impairment, facilitating
their access and independent use. In addition, participation fosters a
sense of empowerment and autonomy among people with visual
impairment.
According to (Basantes, Guerra, Naranjo, & Ibadango, 2018)
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for the benefit
of people with visual impairment are wide and diverse, electronic
Braille, text to audio converters, printers for the Braille system
among others are available; however, when they are used in isolation
and independently from the rest of curricular components
(objectives, strategies, contents...) the results are not as expected and
the failure of the teaching-learning process is evident.
In summary, technological advances, such as the Internet of Things
(IoT), have revolutionized the way in which visually impaired
people interact with the world around them, contributing
significantly to improving their quality of life. The Internet of Things
is based on the interconnection of physical objects through the
Internet, allowing these devices to communicate with each other and
with users. This technology offers a number of specific benefits for
visually impaired people, such as: improved accessibility, greater
independence, personal safety, and access to information.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research follows a qualitative methodology, because its purpose
is to perform a deeper analysis of technology and its contribution to
people with visual impairment, based on the literature consulted.
It is a descriptive type of research, because the authors seek to
analyze, clarify and explain the behavior of the phenomenon under
study: the impact of technology on the improvement of the quality
of life of people with visual impairment; with the objective is to
obtain a detailed and systematic understanding of this topic, through
the literature review, which allows to examine comprehensively the
relationship between technology and improvements in the quality of
life of this specific group of people.
Various scientific methods are applied in the research, such as the
analysis-synthesis, the inductive method, and the hermeneutic
method, which allows the authors to assume a critical position in
relation to ICTs and their contribution to visually impaired people in
Ecuador, from the selected literature.
Interventions:
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The research follows the steps of a literature review research, which
are explained below:
The first step is the literature search, 35 sources related to ICT and
its contribution to people with visual impairment are located,
available on the Internet and in bibliographic databases such as:
Dialnet, Digitalia, Esboco, E-Libro, Scopu, Scielo, Redalyc, among
others.
Inclusion criteria are established in the research to delimit the
relevant sources for the research, such as:
• Publication date: the selected studies are in the time interval: 2018-
2024.
• Context: studies developed in Ecuador are selected.
• Type of research: original studies are selected, generally indexed
articles, documents and legal regulations.
• Language: All selected studies are published in Spanish.
• Key words: Technology, innovation, visual impairment, cane.
Of the 35 sources located, only 11 have been included in the
research, selected on the basis of established inclusion criteria. These
sources were chosen for their ability to provide a deeper
understanding of the issues related to Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) and their impact on the lives of
people with visual impairment.
Finally, an exhaustive analysis of the information obtained from the
selected sources is carried out. This analysis aims to identify the
significant contributions made in these studies in relation to
Information and Communication Technologies and their impact on
the lives of people with visual impairment. A critical and reflective
stance is adopted to objectively evaluate the relevance of the findings
and their applicability in practice. This process of deep reflection
allows not only to better understand the problem in question, but also
to generate innovative ideas and proposals to improve the quality of
life and inclusion of visually impaired people in the digital era.
RESULTS
As a result of the bibliographic review, it was found that in Ecuador
there are few studies related to the problem under investigation. The
researches located are outdated; however, it is considered relevant to
refer to authors such as:
(Sánchez & Armijo, 2018) who, in their study expose the various
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) accessible to
students with visual impairment. By considering that ICTs generate
significant changes in the environment of those who use them, they
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highlight their potential to facilitate access to education, especially
for social groups conditioned by various barriers, as is the case of
people with visual impairment. ICTs, according to these authors,
constitute effective tools to overcome the learning challenges faced
daily by these students, allowing them to use them regardless of their
personal or contextual limitations. The research focuses on exploring
various tools and software designed specifically for the visually
impaired.
The main findings highlight the effectiveness of applying both
individual and collective strategies to address the challenges of
students with visual impairment, as well as fostering collaborative
group work and effective content management. This contributed to
improving both individual and group performance of these students,
strengthening their learning process.
Corroborating that ICT not only allows the development of social
and experiential skills among students with visual impairment, but
also involves them more in their learning process and improves their
academic performance. This study highlights the transformative
potential of ICTs in educational inclusion and empowerment of
people with visual impairment.
On the other hand, (Basantes, Guerra, Naranjo, & Ibadango, 2018)
conducted a study on the implementation of screen readers with the
purpose of strengthening the learning process of blind people in the
Imbabura Special Popular Education Center and the Technical
University of the North, located in Ibarra. During the research, the
authors explored the learning styles of blind people, the factors that
influence their educational process and the impact of the use of
screen readers, such as JAWS and NVDA, on their learning
conditions.
The results obtained revealed that the use of screen readers facilitates
access to information, promotes autonomy in communication and
enables visually impaired people to effectively handle new digital
materials. In this way, techno-pedagogy promotes the construction
and development of educational equity and inclusion, thus
contributing to the integration of vulnerable groups in the
educational environment.
In their study (Cruz, Pinargote, Demera, Vera, & Mosquera, 2018),
they propose a system that provides guidance to students with visual
impairment regarding the obstacles present in their journey within
the Technical University of Manabí. The research is based on the
reports of accidents occurred during the displacement of these
students inside and outside the university campus. To achieve their
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objective, the authors thoroughly analyzed the warning systems and
technologies currently in use, through a detailed study of national
and international practices. The study detailed the tools and
technologies used in the proposed solution, including
methodologies, technologies for tracking the movement of people,
software, programming languages, among other relevant aspects.
This analysis allowed an efficient and fast implementation of the
proposed system, which is based on RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) technology.
The most outstanding result of this research is the remarkable
improvement in the quality of life of the 32 visually impaired
students of the university. This translates into a significant reduction
of accidents both inside and outside the institution, which evidences
the positive and tangible impact of the developed solution on the
welfare and safety of this group of students.
In contrast (Zuñiga, Córdova, Velázquez, & Castro, 2020), in their
study focused on improving the quality of life of blind people
through the creation of a technological prototype of electronic
glasses. This device is designed to allow blind people to move safely
in their environment, avoiding possible accidents. The authors
conducted a comprehensive analysis of the mobility of blind people
during their movements, in order to identify the difficulties they face
in their mobility. They used a variety of research methods to gather
information and validate their proposal.
The results obtained in this study revealed significant changes in the
lives of blind people when using the proposed electronic glasses.
These glasses, adapted to their needs, contributed to reducing
accidents caused by obstacles in their environment, giving users the
confidence to move around independently. This increase in
autonomy and safety motivated blind people to incorporate the use
of electronic glasses in their daily lives.
Another study conducted in the country was carried out by (Idrovo,
2023), who conducted an ethnographic research with blind people
associated with the Society of Non-Sighted People of Azuay
(SONVA) between 2011 and 2020 in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador.
The purpose of this study was to understand how blind people
perceive and experience the notion of time through their daily
routines and rhythms. According to the author, although these
rhythms and temporalities may be influenced by dominant global
norms, contextual conditions and the personal experience of
blindness add nuances to the way time is perceived and experienced.
This challenges some of the conventional narratives that simplify
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and homogenize the conception of time. The study contributes to the
debate around the anthropology of time by analyzing situated
individual experiences, and highlights the importance of exploring
disabilities from less researched subjective perspectives, such as the
perception of time.
The finding derived from the literature review reveals a remarkable
situation in the country, the scarcity of studies related to technology
and its impact on people with visual impairment.
The literature review developed in this study allows the authors to
present the following results:
First, there is a significant gap in knowledge and research in this
specific field. The lack of studies dedicated to technology and its
application to improve the quality of life of people with visual
impairment suggests a lack of attention and resources directed
towards this particular population.
Furthermore, this situation highlights the urgent need to broaden the
spectrum of research in the country to address the specific needs and
challenges of people with visual impairment.
Technology plays a crucial role in the daily lives of people with
visual impairment, from assistive devices to accessibility
applications, so it is imperative to better understand how these tools
can be leveraged to improve their quality of life.
The paucity of studies also highlights the importance of fostering
collaboration between academic institutions, civil society
organizations and the private sector to drive research and
development of innovative and effective technological solutions for
people with visual impairment in Ecuador.
CONCLUSIONS
The exhaustive review of the selected literature has allowed the
authors not only to acquire a better understanding of the problems
related to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and
their impact on visually impaired people in Ecuador, but also to
generate innovative ideas and concrete proposals to improve their
quality of life and promote their inclusion in the digital era.
In the literature reviewed, the importance of continuing the
development and improvement of Information and Communication
Technologies for the purpose of ensuring full and equitable inclusion
of visually impaired persons in all aspects of their lives is
emphasized.
Although the information related to the cane is scarce in the sources
consulted, its invaluable usefulness in the lives of visually impaired
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people has been confirmed, as it contributes significantly to improve
their mobility, safety, and autonomy. It is imperative to recognize
the importance of perfecting this tool through technological
innovation.
The few studies identified highlight the urgency of adopting a more
focused and collaborative approach to address this significant
problem to improve the quality of life of this vulnerable community.
REFERENCES
Basantes, A., Guerra, F., Naranjo, M., & Ibadango, D. (2018). Los
Lectores de Pantalla: Herramientas Tecnológicas para la
Inclusión Educativa de Personas no Videntes. Información
tecnológica. Obtenido de
https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0
718-07642018000500081
Cruz, M. d., Pinargote, J., Demera, G., Vera, E., & Mosquera, R.
(2018). Sistema de alerta para estudiantes con discapacidad
visual en la UTM. Revista científica, 85-95. Obtenido de
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0124-
22532018000100085&script=sci_arttext
Ecuador, Asamblea Nacional. (30 de julio de 2020). Gobierno del
Ecuador. Obtenido de Reglamento a la Ley Orgánica de
Discapacidades:
https://www.gob.ec/regulaciones/reglamento-ley-organica-
discapacidades
Ecuador, Sistema Nacional de Información. (septiembre de 2023).
Consejo Nacional para la Igualdad de Discapacidades.
Obtenido de Estadísticas de Discapacidad:
https://www.consejodiscapacidades.gob.ec/estadisticas-de-
discapacidad/
Fundación IMO. (2017). Bastones guía para invidentes: qué indican
sus colores. Obtenido de
https://www.fundacionimo.org/es/noticias/bastones-guia-
para-invidentes-que-indican-sus-colores
Idrovo, I. (junio de 2023). LA EXPERIENCIA DEL TIEMPO EN
LA COTIDIANIDAD DE PERSONAS CIEGAS EN
CUENCA-ECUADOR. Chugará (Arica). Obtenido de
https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0
717-73562023000200367
75
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Information and Communication Technologies and their impact on people with visual disabilities
75
México, Consejo Nacional de Fomento Educativo. (2010).
Discapacidad visual. Obtenido de Guía didáctica para la
inclusión en educación inicial y básica:
https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/106810/di
scapacidad-visual.pdf
Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador. (2018). Calificación de la
discapacidad. Manual. Obtenido de Dirección Nacional de
Normatización: htt://salud.gob.ec.
Sánchez, M. J., & Armijo, B. M. (2018). Uso de las Tic para el
desarrollo de habilidades sociales en estudiantes con
discapacidad visual. Ambato: Universidad Técnica de
Ambato. Obtenido de
https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/28858
Ulloa, S. D., & Ulloa, L. (ene./mar. de 2019). EDUCACIÓN
INCLUSIVA Y SU INCIDENCIA EN EL PROCESO DE
ENSEÑANZA APRENDIZAJE DE NIÑOS DE BAJA
VISIÓN. IMPORTANCIA DEL MATERIAL DIDÁCTICO.
Revista San Gregorio vol.1 no.29 , 1(29). Obtenido de
http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&p
id=S2528-79072019000300034
Zuñiga, K., Córdova, A., Velázquez, R., & Castro, M. (2020). Gafas
electrónicas con sensores ultrasónicos para personas no
videntes. Revista Científica Sinapsis, 1(16). Obtenido de
https://revistas.itsup.edu.ec/index.php/sinapsis/article/view/3
55
